Australian Family Law Essays - 1930 Words

In this day and age there are many variations of what constitutes a couple or family in comparison to many years ago. Long ago the idea of a ‘nuclear family’ was considered the norm; it consisted of the conventional husband, wife and children . But as our society progressed through the years this definition became less conventional and criticisms were made, this definition of ‘family’ did not account for gay unions, soul parents nor did it acknowledge the prevalence of extended family. The definition of family has changed over time, as have the socially defined roles of mothers and fathers. Within these varied family units, situations occur in which divorces and separations take place and a lot of the times these tricky situations may†¦show more content†¦This historical definition was derived from the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and denotes monogamous, heterosexual relationships; this restriction on the term ‘marriage’ ha s prevented the parliament from legislating in respect to de-facto and homosexual couples. However the Victorian Parliament has developed the Relationships Act 2008 (Vic) which recognises and registers the relationships between two people who aren’t married irrespective of ones gender. In the year 2010 there where 50, 240 divorces granted in Australia alone . Under the Family Law Act (FLA) a divorce can not be filed within the first two years of the life of the marriage without court permission, unless a certificate is filed with the application. This certificate would state the two individuals have considered reconciling with a marriage counsellor or an appropriate officer of the family court. There are three main grounds for divorce, which are listed under sections 48 to 50 of the FLA; it is asked whether the ‘consortium vitae’, the life blood of the marriage has ended. When a couple is divorcing there are many factors to be taken into consideration; such as, division of property and other assets and most importantly children. Since 2007 the Family relationship centre has been the first stop for family disputes, there are over 60 centresShow MoreRelatedSociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon1154 Words   |  5 PagesWestern family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and theRead MoreSociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon1154 Words   |  5 PagesWestern family is an increased inciden ce in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and theRead MoreLegal Studies Family Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesWith respect to family, assess the ability of the legal system to respond to differing issues concerning values Family law is the most complex aspect of the Australian legal system as it is constantly under review and reform pursuing to adopt society’s continual change in values and principles. The changing of laws in an attempt to be parallel with society is a strenuous process. Nevertheless, legislations are reflective of contemporary society’s values and ethics. Numerous legal issues arise inRead MoreThroughout the world the majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked,1400 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the world the majority of people identified with disabilities have been overlooked, hidden and ridiculed in the community (AHRC, 2013). Australian history demonstrates that in ‘dealing’ with this issue many individuals with disabilities have been placed in institutions and/or prisons and by sterilising many young girls (AHRC, 2013). The recent concern presented by Federal disability commissioner Graeme Inns, of the rise in sterilisation i n young girls with disabilities begs the questionRead MoreEssay on Necessity of Pre-nuptial Agreements within Australia987 Words   |  4 Pagesreduce post-marital disputes. (Queensland Broker Feb.2001) Pre-nuptial agreements are basically a financial agreement which are made before marriage. It can be signed by anyone who requires a different property division than that set out by the Family Law Act, and it conveniently deals with difficult issues such as the financial situation of each party before marriage, including share of property and debts and obligations of each party before marraige. It outlines possible future investments andRead MoreLegal Processes in Dealing with Domestic Violence1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal processes in dealing with domestic violence as a problem in a family relationship, address the complex and varied needs of all individuals involved. Domestic violence is an act whether physical or verbal that is violent and abusive in nature occurring in a domestic relationship. The Family Law Legislation Amendment (Family Violence and other Measures) Act 2011 (Cth) addresses many significant and substantial areas of dealing with domestic violence further to this highlighting the complexRead MoreEssay about Maternity Leave in Australia524 Words   |  3 Pagesmaternity leave and prohibition against dismissal during maternity leave. Although a member of the ILO, Australia has never ratified its convention concerning maternity protection ---- we have no standard maternity leave provisions. Australian law entitles women to 12 months unpaid leave and for more than 25 years the Commonwealth Employees Act has entitled Commonwealth employees to paid maternity leave. About two-thirds of women in the workforce, however, are not entitledRead MoreIts Hard Being a Single Dad in America1494 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds to help out with single parenting. Australian Council of Social Service. Stop Cuts to Sole Parent Payments! N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2013. UN asks Australian Government to explain violation of single parents rights March 4, 2013 The Australian Council of Social Service today called on the Australian Government to detail its response to a United Nations request for it to explain the decision to cut the payments of over 80,000 single parent families. The UN Special Rapporteur on extreme povertyRead MoreFamily Law Essays1132 Words   |  5 PagesFamily law Changes to family law as a response to changing values in the community/role of law reform in achieving just outcomes for family/ effectiveness of legal and non-legal responses in achieving just outcomes for family members The family law act 1975 introduced major change to divorce law on 14 grounds of infidelity, cruelty and desertion. In 1975 saw a major reform in family law, as the family law act introduced no fault divorce meaning that neither party were to blame for the breakdownRead MoreThe Family Law Act 1975 ( Cth )1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Family Court is a superior court which was first established in 1975 under the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth). This Act, as amended by the Family Law Reform Act 1995 (Cth) and the Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 (Cth), states that all children have a right to know, be cared for, and have regular contact with both parents and other ‘significant’ people. This is of course if it would be contrary to the child’s best interests. The Family Court ensures that each case and

Biblical Theology Of Worship. Throughout Our Time In Church,

Biblical Theology of Worship Throughout our time in Church, and here at Moody, it is hard to go through it without being told that a priority we should put in our relationship with God is that we should worship him. But what does that mean and how do we do it? What does the bible say about worshiping God? Worship is the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for God. I think that we can show that through our daily actions and also through singing to God and praying to him, as we most commonly see in Church When we envision worship in our minds, we commonly think of people in a church singing songs to a powerpoint presentation. But to think that is the only way that we can worship God is false in every sense of the word. A†¦show more content†¦If they knew why we do what we do in worship on Sunday then they would be much more entertained. When we looked at different things that should be included into Corporate Worship on Sunday morning, what better place to look th an at some of the churches that Paul wrote to in his epistles, because apparently we aren’t the only ones that are struggling to find out what the best way of planning corporate worship is. The first verse that anyone goes to for Corporate Worship is found in Colossians 3:16 when Paul tells the Colossians to, â€Å"Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, with thankfulness in your hearts to God.† The first step that Paul gives to the Colossians is to â€Å"let the word of Christ dwell in you richly†, showing there is a connection between Corporate Worship and the reading of the Word of God. It almost appears as if Paul is saying we need to read the Word first before we can all come together in worship of God. Then Paul says we should be â€Å"teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom,† This section shows us two things: teaching, and fellowship. We need to be taught about the word of God and also we need to keep in touch with other believers and go through life with them, learning from them and vice versa. Hebrews 10:25 is an example of this, saying â€Å"we shouldn’t be neglecting seeing each other, but instead should beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Black Theology1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of Black Theology in the United was one that shocked the nation as a whole. While in slavery, Blacks had to sneak and hold church services. This was partly because Whites felt that Blacks were not able to be accepted into heaven, and they believed that once one as a Christian they could no longer be enslaved. So to appease their conscience they would not allow Blacks to take part in theology. Due to these issues Black Theology soon originated within the United States. The originationRead MoreFeminist Theology1492 Words   |  6 PagesFeminist Theology Feminist theology is based on the idea of not lord but brother. Jesus Christ himself stepped outside of societies norms by befriending the outcasts of society, which included women. Women are often portrayed as the cause of or focus of evil and misdeeds in the bible. The focus of feminist theology is the perspective of theology from those who were outcast and therefore considered themselves as equals and friends to Jesus Christ. If there is anything they desire to know,Read MoreEssay on The Influence of Christianity on Ancient and Modern Greece1657 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishment of Christian churches in Macedonia, Achaia, Epirus, and Crete, to the expansion of the Orthodox Church, Greece has been a formidable landmark for development of Christianity throughout the world.? From its arrival to Greece with the first preaching of Paul, the Christian faith has undergone a unique assimilation into the cultural and philosophical traditions of the Greek people to create a church, v isibly distinguishable from all other sects and denominations of Christianity.? Christianity hasRead MoreEVAN 525 Book Critique Great Commission MWillis1429 Words   |  6 PagesBook Critique: Vernon Whaley and David Wheelers: The Great Commission to Worship A research paper submitted to Yat Por Lau In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements For The course EVAN 525 Liberty Baptist Theological seminary By Michael Willis Lynchburg, Virginia Sunday, September 21, 2014 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Concrete Response 4 Reflection 4 Action 5 Abstract In their book, The Great Commission to Worship, Vernon Whaley and David Wheeler takes an in depth look at commandmentRead MoreA Reflection On My Spirit Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesOrder during our on-site class discussion last June. The Holy Spirit convicted me of being at fault for taking the act of worship lightly and getting too comfortable. Likewise, the Holy Spirit persuaded me to consider the reason we gather for worship and whether we are telling God’s story. I began this doctoral journey under the assumption that I knew a great deal about worship. Coming from a Latino church where God’s presence is distinct throughout our worship experience, I pondered worship renewal wasRead MoreThe Truth Of The Bible1725 Words   |  7 Pages Question 9 I believe the time isn’t relevant as far as wear I will spend eternity, four there’s two ways of that can happen. First of all, nobody is immune to die at any point in time for went is your time to go you have no control over it. Second of all, Jesus can come anytime. Therefore, if either of these events happens, eternity awaits. Are used to think that the younger you are the least you need to worry about these two events happening. On the contrary, the acknowledgment that JesusRead MoreThe Theology, Christology and Pneumatology of The Book of Revelation1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theology, Christology, and Pneumatology of the Book of Revelation are highly reflective of the social, political and religious context in which the book was written. Within the text, we find expressed the views of an author, and Christian community in general, challenged by the power and ideology of Rome, as well as having to re-imagine and re-comprehend their God, and divinity in gener al, in light of the revelation of Jesus Christ and the work of the Spirit among them. Before beginningRead MoreWriting Assignment 12027 Words   |  9 Pagesuncomfortable with the idea that worship is a goal in making disciples, the goal of Christian education according to Mitchell is to make a disciple who worships Jesus. Mitchell points out that worship is more than just showing up at church on Sunday morning for an hour of corporate worship. He points out that worship according to John 4:19 -24 goes much deeper than just that time of corporate worship that we often think of as worship. He points out that worship involves the whole person, mind,Read MoreMission Theology Of The Bible1203 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction To understand â€Å"Mission Theology† we first have separate the two words. Mission is the vocation or calling of a religion organization, especially a Christian one, to go out into the world and spread its faith (Oxford Dictionaries). Theology is the study of God or the study of the nature of God and the relationship between the human and divine. In the textbook we use for class which is called â€Å"Introducing World Missions† we are told that the word â€Å"missions† (which ending with the letterRead MoreThe New Testament Canon.1295 Words   |  6 Pages New Testament Canon Charles Bragg CHHI 301- B02 02/02/2015 â€Æ' The Greek word â€Å"kanon† (G2834) , in today’s society we use the spelling â€Å"canon†. In theology, its chief application is to those books received as authoritative and making up our Bible. The Protestant canon includes 27 New Testament books. It is commonly said that the Protestant test of canonicity is â€Å"Inspiration†. That is, Protestants accept into their canon those books they believe to be immediately inspired by God and therefore

Sustainability of Renewable Sources of Energy in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability of Renewable Sources of Energy in Australia. Answer: Introduction Sustainability is composed of two words, sustain and ability. Combination of the two highlights the ability of the companies and organizations to preserve the resources for the fulfillment of the needs of the future generation. Delving deep into the inner essence of the term sustainability, it bestows the future generation with quality products for the fulfillment of their basic needs (Mowforth and Munt 2015 p.56). The major drive behind this is the judicious utilization of the organizational resources by the personnel. Conscious approach towards the regulation of waste emission is itself an agent for the achievement of sustainable growth, which enhances the reputation of the companies and organizations. This essay attempts to speculate the measures adopted by the companies and organizations to achieve sustainable growth. Herein, the reference of Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd proves appropriate (Cfcl.com.au 2017). This is in terms of establishing relevancy with the requirements of the essay. The in-depth discussion of the aspects of sustainability in the essay format enhances the preconceived knowledge of the readers regarding the preservation of the ecological biodiversity. Renewable sources of energy play an important part in preserving the ecological diversity. Considering it a wicked problem reflects a different mentality, which contradicts the prefix renew in the type of the energy (Markard, Raven and Truffer 2012 p.960). This contradiction negates the approach towards the preservation of the ecological biodiversity, which acts as a deviation from the requirements of the essay. Countering this, exposure of consciousness towards preservation of the greenery in the environmental ambience establishes relevancy with the propositions of the essay. Recycling of the waste products can be correlated with the phrase renewable, which acts as a typical example of this consciousness (Moldan, Janoukov and Hk 2012 p.11). Attachment of the concept of sustainability in this context, establishment of the fact regarding recycling of the waste materials adds value to the functionality of the Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. The reference to an organization enhances the clarity of the readers towards understanding the ways and means through which the sources of energy is reused for providing innovative products to the public domain (McKinno et al., 2015, p.123). Herein, lays the appropriateness of the subsequent paragraphs, which perceives sustainability from the social, economic and environmental parameters. Sustainability refers to the endurance of processes and systems. Sustainability is a socio-ecological and economic process with a pursuit of common ideal. An ideal is usually unattainable in a given space and time. However, a sustainable system is achieved by dynamically and persistently approaching it (Wang et al., 2015 p.1631). In ecology, the healthy forests and wetlands are examples of a sustainable biological system. A healthy environment is very necessary for the survival of humans and other species, which is a major challenge. Sustainability is also a social challenge which includes national and international laws, ethical consumerism, urban planning and the changing lifestyle (Epstein and Buhovac 2014 p.234). Environmental degradation, population growth, climatic changes and unlimited growth of economy in a closed system has questioned the importance of sustainability. The economy, society and the environment form the three pillars of sustainability. These three pillars are interdependent on each other and none of them can exist without the others. Sustainable development can be achieved only by balancing the efforts to meet the human needs without harming or degrading the environment (Terrapon et al., 2014 p.4). Respect for nature, economic justice, universal human rights and a culture of peace for the base of a sustainable global society. However, humans neglect the importance of a sustainable environment and emphasize more on personal gains. Here arises the importance of systems thinking in developing solutions to tackle these sustainability challenges. Systems thinking are an approach to problem solving that balances the holistic and the reductionist thinking. The system thinking examines the linkages and interactions between the various elements that compose to form the entire system (Twidell and Weir, 2015 p.345). It acknowledges the fact tha t an improvement in one area can have an adverse effect on the other area in the system. Therefore, it promotes communication at all levels of organization in order to avoid the silo effect. System thinking techniques are very useful in studying any kind of system such as biological, social, economical, scientific and conceptual system (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir 2014 p.500). The basic environmental problem for the future of humanity is the anthropogenic change in the climate. There has been a massive change in the global environment with the advent of industrial revolution. Human activities have immensely affected the environment since ages. Humans completely rely on nature for raw materials, food and shelter; however, they ignore the fact that they are also a part of the nature (Bhandari et al., 2014 p.234). The Earth is experiencing a massive change in the global environment, which is complex and has various causes. With the advent of industrial revolution in 1850s, the impact of humans on the environment became massive. This was explained by a new term- the Anthropocene, which explained the extent, duration and magnitude of such impacts on the environment (The Conversation 2014). The various environmental issues caused were land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, decline in the availability of fresh water and fish stocks, excessive wastes gener ation, air pollution, depletion of non-renewable sources of energy, pollution from toxins and many more. One example of environmental problem is the Not in my backyard attitude (Parliament of Australia 2017). This attitude is observed when humans derive benefits and profits from the nature but refuse to take the responsibility to address the damage caused to the environment by them. This problem is mostly observed in case of oil exploring and refining business wherein excessive oil is extracted from the natural oil refineries but no one is interested in building an oil refinery in the neighborhood. Due to such issues, it becomes necessary for Government and businesses to take active participation in solving these issues (Australian Government 2017). Formation of various institutions by the Government for preserving the environment becomes necessary. It also becomes necessary for the businesses to perform their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by helping in the removal of povert y and neutralizing the negative impacts of globalization and industrialization on the environment as it is the environment that will give them the opportunity to earn profits (Pan et al., 2015). Economic growth refers to the increase in the production of goods and services as a result of increase in consumption that leads to economic development. The major challenge is to achieve economic growth and development while maintaining sustainable environment. Humans extract raw materials from the nature in the form of food and fuel, which is further processed and sold to earn profits and these processes generate wastes and other emissions that are harmful for the environment (Larcher and Tarascon 2015). The combination of natural capital, financial capital, manufactured capital and human capital helps in production of goods and services in the economy. However, unlimited growth of the economy is not possible due to the presence of limited non-renewable resources and the limited capacity of the nature to absorb pollution from industrial activities. Here, the system thinking is required in the form of social, informational and institutional mechanisms in order to keep a check on the overshoot and collapse in the economy (Pan et al., 2015). One of the solutions to prevent this is the decoupling of economic growth and use of resources. An economy is required to have a sustainable GDP growth without harming the environment. For example, the use of CNG in automobiles can help in maintaining profits along with reduction in air pollution. Social sustainability involves all the activities of humans. Social sustainability occurs when all the formal and informal processes, structures, systems and relationships support the current and the future generations to create a livable society. A society is said to be sustainable when there are equal opportunities for everyone and the basic needs of every individual are met. Such a society encourages diversity and is interconnected within and outside the community (Parliament of Australia 2017). Such a society has a proper accountable governance structure. Focus on social capital formation is important for sustainability and a social agency is important to mobilize the social capital. A social market is regulated by the social values, norms and the government. Social framing of the economy helps in attaining a sustainable society. For attaining a sustainable society, it becomes very necessary to socially include every individual by providing him job, access to services, social con nection and having their voice heard. Putting a critical reflective vision to the highlighted parameters, all the parameters are interlinked with each other. The social and economic parameter can be conjoined, which enhances the corporate social responsibility of the companies and organizations including Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (Cfcl.com.au 2017). Adopting innovative means for recycling the waste products helps the company to mitigate the pollution level, which regulates the health hazards of the public domain. Effective and judicious utilization of technologically advanced machines helps the company to provide quality renewable sources of energy to the public. This highlights the environmental parameter. Minute speculations of the revealing result in equal alignment of the three parameters in an equal alignment. Counter arguing this, the environmental parameter includes the social and economic parameter. Herein, lays the appropriateness of the example of the utilization of environment friendly materials for the production of quality fuel cells, which can be renewed and reused. The aspects of renewable and re-utilization broadens the perspectives of the essay as well as the scope and arena of the company in terms of attaining sustainable growth (Parliament of Australia 2017). Delving deep into the intensity of the earlier sentence, the prefix re is common between the aspects of renewal and re-utilization. Viewing it from the perspective of the company, Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, the prefix re energizes the company to reutilize the resources in a judicious way. Perceiving it from a critical perspective, the prefix re instigates the companies like Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd to make effective utilization of the organizational resources. This brings sustainability growth for the companies including the Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (Cfcl.com.au 2017). Incapability to make judicious utilization of the resources aggravates the pollution levels, which increases the intensity of the health hazards for the public domain. Exposure of negligent attitude in overcoming the challenges stalls the growth process for the companies and organizations in terms of sustainability. On the contrary, adoption of technologically advanced machines for regulating the waste and smoke emission reflects the ability of the companies and organizations to sustain the resources for the future generation (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir 2014 p.512). Herein, lays the symbolic signification of the attribute of sustainability. Viewing it from other perspectives, sustainability inculcates the skill of saving among the personnel of the company, Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. Effective utilization of this skill proves beneficial for the personnel to complete every operations in an efficient and effective manner. Emerging failures in preserving the resources for the future needs compels the personnel to witness an empty stock, which delays the completion of the tasks (Twidell and Weir 2015 p.435). Herein, lays the effectiveness of the systems, which compel the personnel to put on thinking caps for the betterment of the situation. The aspect of thinking cap provides an opportunity to the employees to evaluate their exposed performance in terms of the organizational goals and objectives. Viewing it from the other perspective, thinking caps enhances the individuality of the personnel, which is a gradual progression towards the attainment of professionalism. Emerging successful in evaluating the self exposed performance itself results in the outpour of better performance. This perspective guarantees success in terms of achieving sustainable growth (Terrapon et al., 2014 p.9). However, running after the earning profit contradicts the true essence of sustainability. On the contrary, envisioning the wellbeing of the public domain, acts as an agent in enhancing the reputational status of the company. Herein, lays the inner essence of the aspect of corporate social responsibility. This essay emerges successful in providing an insight into the aspect of sustainability. Interplay with the words might distort the integrated structure of the attribute; however, it aligns with the experimental abilities of the companies and organizations to attain sustainable growth. The critical approach towards the essay highlights the main fact of judicious utilization of the resources, which bestows adequate resources on the future generation for the fulfillment of their needs. The reference of Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd enhances the clarity of the essay, which makes the issue clear to the readers. As a final touch, the essay takes the stand on ensuring the wellbeing of the public domain, which adds to the aspect of sustainability. References Australian Government, 2017, Solar Energy, viewed 7th April 2017 https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/EnergyResources Bhandari, B., Lee, K.T., Lee, C.S., Song, C.K., Maskey, R.K. and Ahn, S.H., 2014. A novel off-grid hybrid power system comprised of solar photovoltaic, wind, and hydro energy sources.Applied Energy,133, pp.236-242. Cfcl.com.au, 2017, About Us, Viewed 7th April 2017 https://www.cfcl.com.au/ Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Larcher, D. and Tarascon, J.M., 2015. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage.Nature chemistry,7(1), pp.19-29. Markard, J., Raven, R. and Truffer, B., 2012. Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects.Research Policy,41(6), pp.955-967. McKinnon, A., Browne, M., Whiteing, A. and Piecyk, M. eds., 2015.Green logistics: Improving the environmental sustainability of logistics. Kogan Page Publishers. Moldan, B., Janoukov, S. and Hk, T., 2012. How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets.Ecological Indicators,17, pp.4-13. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Pan, S.Y., Du, M.A., Huang, I.T., Liu, I.H., Chang, E.E. and Chiang, P.C., 2015. Strategies on implementation of waste-to-energy (WTE) supply chain for circular economy system: a review.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, pp.409-421. Parliament of Australia, 2017, Australian energy resources, viewed 7Th April 2017 https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/other-renewable-energy-resources/solar-energy Suberu, M.Y., Mustafa, M.W. and Bashir, N., 2014. Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,35, pp.499-514. Terrapon-Pfaff, J., Dienst, C., Knig, J. and Ortiz, W., 2014. A cross-sectional review: Impacts and sustainability of small-scale renewable energy projects in developing countries.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,40, pp.1-10. The Conversation, 2014, Renewable Energy is ready to supply all of Australias electricity, July 21, 2014 viewed 7th April 2017 https://theconversation.com/renewable-energy-is-ready-to-supply-all-of-australias-electricity-29200 Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 2015.Renewable energy resources. Routledge. Wang, X., McCarty, P.L., Liu, J., Ren, N.Q., Lee, D.J., Yu, H.Q., Qian, Y. and Qu, J., 2015. Probabilistic evaluation of integrating resource recovery into wastewater treatment to improve environmental sustainability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(5), pp.1630-1635.

Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment

Question: Discuss about the Biophysical Processess and Health Assessment. Answer: Health History Assessment: Mr. A (70 yrs) is from the Srilanka. He is living alone in his home on the outskirt of city alone as his wife was expired two years before. He is not interested to stay with his son who is staying in the same city. His is financially weak as he dont have any income source and he is having very little pension. Hence, he cant offer to have helper to assist in his activities of daily living. Community from which Mr. A belongs is traditionalist in character, as people from this community are not interested to share their health problems with healthcare professional. 15 years before he was diagnosed with peptic ulcer, diabetes, obesity, ostoporosis, fatty liver cirrhosis and hypertension and till date he is having these disease conditions. Mr. A was consuming bisoprolol, atenolol, esomeprazole, metformin, frusemide, spironolactone and orlistat since some time. He was on alcohol consumption and chronic smoking since few years. Milk products and eggs are allergic to him. He is not eating nu tritious food and as result his nutritional balance is impaired. In recent times, his vital systems were tested and below are the observations. He has breathing problem, stomach pain, vomiting, insomnia and he has feeling of loss of appetite and lethargy. It is evident that he wishes to keep isolated from society and family members and completely depressed. Mr. A feels that society and family members are not going to accept him in this condition. Society and family members are unhappy with his lifestyle since long time and his presenting condition is due to his lifestyle. As he is depressed, he is forgetting routine things and he disoriented to time, however he is oriented to the people. Liver function tests are performed for Mr. A because he has liver cirrhosis. Liver function test generally estimates proteins such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and bilirubin. Atypical level of these proteins exhibit degree of liver damage or scarring. Full blood examination (FBE) exhibit complete examination of health of the Mr.A. Diagnosis of acute inflammation can be performed by C-reactive protein (CRP) estimation. Test for the inflammation was performed because Mr. A has peripheral oedema (cirrhosis). MBI test is generally performed as metabolic panel test essentially for diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease and hypertension. MBI test was performed because Mr. A is having multiple diseases. CT scan of the left hip of Mr. A was performed as Mr. A has pain in hip. With the help of CT scan degree of compression of fracture can be determined and it is also useful for the evaluation of severity of osteoporosis. X-ray of spine pelvis righ t hip was carried out in the patient for the assessment of dislocation of three bones of the pelvis like illiun, ischium and pubis (Fischbach and Barnett, 2009; Novelline and Squire, 2004). Mr. A has cardiovascular complications since some time and he taking medicines for the same. To assess his current cardiovascular complications his blood pressure should be assessed. He is also having breathing problem and to assess his current lung function pulmonary function test should be performed. He is also having liver cirrhosis, hence his liver function test should be performed. In these evaluations it has been observed that his cardiovascular system, respiratory system and liver are normal (Jensen, 2010). Physical Examination: Head, ears, eyes, nose and throat (HEENT) Observations : Head : No headache, giddiness Ears : No problem in hearing . Eyes : No problem in vision, No blurred vision and there are no spots in the eye. Nose : No assessment. Throat : Swelling in the throat. Cardiovascular: Occasional mild chest pain, occasional very little palpitations. Pulmonary : No shortness of breath and no cough. Gastointestinal : There is epigastric pain since long time, diarrhea and bloody stools and loss of appetitie. Genitourinary : No urgency in urination Neurologic : No numbness, tingling and paresthesias. Mukosleletal : Abdominal pain after lifting little heavy bag. Endocrine : No assessment. Physical examination: Vital signs : B.P. Systolic 120 mmHg and diastolic 80 mmHg, Blood sugar level 110 mg/dl, Body weight 75 kg, Live function test AST - 70 IU, ALT - 50 IU Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 75 % Conclusion : From the above physical examination and vital signs and other tests, it is evident that disease of Mr. A like hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis are in control now. However from symptoms like stomach pain, bloody diarrhea and loss of appetite is predicted that he is suffering from Inflammatory bowel disease and decided to go for diffential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Investigation: Possible diffential diagnosis : Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are the inflammatory disease of the GI tract and these two disease share few common factors like symptoms. Also, these two disease share common etiological factors like environmental, genetic and an abnormal immune response. These two diseases can occur equally in men and women. Crohns disease is spread intermittently in the large and small intestines with few areas are inflamed and few areas are normal. Ulcerative colitis can be continuous inflammation particularly in the small intestine. . Crohns disease occurs throughout every layer of the intestinal wall, on the other side ulcerative colitis occur particularly in the inner lining of the colon (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Conclusion: Out of total cases of inflammatory bowel disease around 10 % cases exhibit characteristics of both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis and moreover severity and occurrence of these diseases is similar in all age groups. This together occurrence of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis is called as intermittent colitis. Out of these two diseases, one particular disease is not age related and both disease occur at any stage of life. Hence, in few cases it is very difficult to differentiate between these two diseases. Nevertheless, a careful medical history, physical examination, use of screening tools, and correct diagnostic tests can precisely differentiate between these two inflammatory bowel disease conditions in most patients, allowing disease-specific management (Tontini et al., 2015). Physical examination: Physical examination of the patient should be performed along with asking questions to the patient. There is the possibility of fever due to intestinal inflammation and dehydration due to diarrhea. Hence, temperature should be noted and about dehydration Mr. A should be asked about his fatigue and lethargy. This fatigue and lethargy also would be helpful in evaluating anemia because bloody diarrhea, there is the possibility of anemia in Mr.A. There is also possibility of weight loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, weight of Mr. A, also should be noted. Stomach pain in particular area should be evaluated by slight pressing of the stomach area and inquiring Mr. A about the pain sensation. Inflammatory bowel disease is generally associated with extra intestinal complications like arthritis, iritis and dermatitis. These complications also should be evaluated by observation of the particular part and asking Mr. A about any abnormal feeling in that part like pain in limb in arthritis. Rectal examination should be performed to assess bloody stool because in inflammatory bowel disease, there is occurrence of bloody diarrhea (Targan et al., 2013; Cohen, 2005). Diffential Diagnosis : Biomarker analysis: As IBD is inflammatory bowel disease further prediction of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis can be performed by inflammatory biomarker analysis like CRP, IL-6, INF gamma and IL-13. Immunologically Crohns disease is TH1 mediated inflammatory disease INF gamma predict about the occurrence of Crohns disease. On the other side, ulcerative colitis is TH2 medicated disease, IL13 predict about ulcerative colitis. Even tough, CRP doesnt give clear differentiation between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, it has been found that CRP levels are slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum IL6 levels are also slightly higher in Crohns disease than ulcerative colitis. Serum biomarker as diagnostic test should be performed initially because it is simple test and it give good prediction without much complication to the patient. From biomarker analysis, it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Lewis, 2011; Iskandar et al., 2012). Cross-sectional imaging: Cross-sectional imaging can be helpful in the identification of the stage of the inflammatory bowel disease. This includes tools like ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and barium contrast radiology. Decision on the selction of the tool for cross-sectional imaging depends on the patient condition, severity of the symptoms in the patient, availability of expertise and instrument. Along with the identification of location of the lession, cross-sectional imaging is also helpful in the evaluation of the thickness of the colonic wall and examination of the different layers of the colonic wall. This analysis of each wall of the colonic wall helps in the differential diagnosis of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis because Crohns disease occurs throughout all the layers of colonic wall and ulcerative colitis occurs in the inner layer of the colonic wall. These imaging techniques also helpful in the assessment of presence or absence of colonic lymph nodes From cross sectional imaging, it is evident that Mr. has ulcerative colitis (Braveman et al., 2004; Tekkis et al., 2005). Ileo-colonoscopy : Ileo-colonoscopy helpful in the differential diagnosis in the inflammatory bowel disease because in this examination patient with Crohns disease exhibits discontinuous inflammation of colonic wall, lesions and cobblestoning of the mucosa. On the other side, ulcerative colitis exhibits erosions,continuous inflammation, microulcers and granularity in the mucosa. From Ileo-colonoscopy it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Dignass et al., 2012). Histopathology : For the differential diagnosis of the inflammatory bowel disease, histopathology was performed from the two specimens from the five sites of the colon of the colon, rectum and terminal ileum. In histopatological analysis, Crohns disease exhibits architectural and inflammatory changes which depicts discontinuous alterations throughout the colon, focal cryptitis, inflammation of the lamina propria and mucin deposition. Ulceratice colitis exhibits paneth cell metaplasiain the distal part of the colon, depletion of mucin, inflammatory cell infiltration throughout the mucosa, distorted crypts and surface erosions. From histopathological analysis it is evident that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Magro et al., 2013). Upper endoscopy: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is helpful in the patients with suspected Crohns disease because this particular disease of the inflammatory bowel disease is related to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This diagnostic tool is not valid exclusivity for Crohns disease because upper endoscopy is also useful for the diagnosis of the Helicobacter pylori infection, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and gastric adenocarcinoma. This diagnostic test was rejected in Mr. A because other above performed tests clerly indicated occurrence of ulcerative colitis in Mr. A (Annese et al., 2013). Small-bowel endoscopy: Small-bowel endoscopy is also specifically useful for the examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hnece, this test was also not considered for the diffential diagnosis of Mr. A, because in other diagnostic tests it was confirmed that Mr. A has ulcerative colitis (Flamant et al., 2013). Conclusion: In the health assessment of Mr. A, stepwise approach was followed starting from the collection of the history of Mr. A in terms of family history and medical history. In this it was identified that Mr. A has very unhealthy lifestyle which was responsible for the multiple disease in M. A like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, liver disease and his condition was like a patient with metabolic syndrome. As, he was consuming medications for these conditions, his most of the health issues in the past are in control now. It is evident from the tests performed for diabetes, blood pressure and liver function test. 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